Legal Aid represents eligible community groups and nonprofits working to build strong, equitable neighborhoods with safe, stable housing and access to economic opportunity. Legal Aid supports client groups and low-income communities who are organizing to build local power and create enduring change through legal and community advocacy.

The work includes partnership-building with resident-groups and organizations, legal assistance, community education and outreach, and advocacy on systemic issues.  In doing this work, Legal Aid recognizes clients and community members know the most about the challenges facing their communities and how to solve them.

Learn more in this bilingual brochure!

Need legal assistance?

The Legal Aid Society of Cleveland may be able to help!

This brochure outlines how Legal Aid can help you solve problems related to money, housing, health care, work, family issues, and more.  The brochure also provides information on how to learn if you qualify for our services and how to obtain help from Legal Aid.

Do you have a claim for $6,000 or less? You can bring a lawsuit without an attorney in a small claims court. Claims can include such things as unpaid wages, security deposits, breaches of contract, defective products, damages in minor auto accidents, or damages to your personal property. This brochure provides information on where and how to file, as well as tips on how to prepare yourself to convince a judge or magistrate that you should get the money you are claiming and how to present yourself in court.

More information is available in this brochure published by Legal Aid:   Taking Your Case to Small Claims Court

This brochure is also available in Spanish at: Cómo presentar su demanda ante el tribunal para casos de menor cuantía.

Mayor Justin Bibb and Cleveland City Council recently passed the Pay to Stay ordinance (Ord. 484-2022), which provides tenants a possible defense against eviction if they tender (or offer to pay) rent and legal fees.

Who does this ordinance apply to?

This ordinance is in effect for renters in Cleveland, Ohio ONLY.  Cleveland Heights, Euclid, South Euclid, Lakewood, Maple Heights, Newburg Heights and Akron have other variations of Pay to Stay legislation. You can see if this applies to you and find out more here: Pay+to+Stay+Technical+Guide+-+May+2022.pdf (squarespace.com)

What does this mean if I’m facing eviction?

Tenants facing eviction for nonpayment of rent are given the chance to pay their rent, late fees, and court costs by the time of eviction hearing.

The ordinance limits the amount of late fees Landlords are allowed to charge—they may not exceed $25 or 5% of the monthly rent, whichever is larger.

Finally, Pay to Stay protects renters who are waiting for funds to come through from Emergency Rental Assistance Programs (ERAP). Letters showing that payment is approved but still being processed will be accepted as tender of rent (or offering to pay rent.)

Pay to Stay does not prohibit landlords for evicting tenants for reasons other than nonpayment of rent. Pay to Stay is NOT a defense for other reasons for eviction.

My landlord hasn’t filed an eviction yet, but gave me a 3-Day Notice. They refused to accept my rent or refused to accept Rental Assistance. What do I do?

Document all attempts to pay rent and your landlord’s refusal. For example, if you pay your landlord in person, bring a witness with you who could attest at your hearing that your landlord refused the payment. If you had applied for Rental Assistance but your application was closed due to landlord inaction, save a copy of that confirmation. If your landlord returned your payment, save the payment. Save texts or emails between you and your landlord that show that your landlord would not accept your payment.

How does the Pay to Stay ordinance work in court? 

The Pay to Stay ordinance allows tenants to tender (or offer to pay) back rent, fees and court costs as an affirmative defense to their eviction.

An affirmative defense is an argument a tenant can raise to protect their rights. An affirmative defense leaves it up to the court’s discretion to order the landlord to accept money that is overdue.

If you attempted to tender rent BEFORE your landlord filed the eviction:

• • Your attempt to pay is an affirmative defense. You must be able to prove that you made an attempt to pay all past due rent and reasonable late fees, and that your landlord refused to accept it.

If you did not tender rent before the eviction filed and are planning to use the Pay to Stay ordinance as a defense:

• • You must tender (offer to pay) all past due rent, reasonable late fees and court costs
  • If applicable, provide a letter from a rental assistance agency showing that you have been approved for assistance
  • You may attempt to pay your landlord directly, or place your payment in escrow with the Cleveland Municipal Housing Court prior to the date of the trial. For more information about how to do this, speak with a Housing Court Specialist at 216-664-4295.

Can Pay to Stay help me if I don’t have all the money I need to pay my landlord?

Possibly. If you have already been approved for rental assistance from an Emergency Rental Assistance Program, you should request documentation or written verification from the agency that you have been approved. This documentation will be a defense against the eviction action.

It is important to know that your landlord is not obligated to accept partial payments. Tender of incomplete payments will not be a defense against eviction under Pay to Stay.

I’ve applied for rental assistance, but I haven’t been guaranteed to receive any payment. Can Pay to Stay still help me?

Possibly. Some Emergency Rental Assistance Programs (ERAP) require the landlord’s participation before a payment can be approved. A denial of the landlord’s participation in the program may constitute refusal of tender.

However, if you don’t have a guarantee of payment from a Rental Assistance Program, the court may not accept this as a defense under Pay to Stay. Still show documentation of your attempts to get rental assistance, as your landlord may be willing to negotiate a deal if it means they will be able to receive payment from a Rental Assistance Program.

How do I calculate if my landlord is charging me too many late fees?

According to the Pay to Stay ordinance, late fees may not exceed the larger of $25 or 5% of the monthly contract rent. Additionally, a late fee may not exceed 25% of the portion of the monthly contract rent that a tenant is obligated to pay.

For example:

• • If your monthly contract rent is $1000, late fees for any given month may not exceed $50.
  • If your monthly contract rent is $400, late fees for any given month may not exceed $25.
  • If the portion of the contract rent that you are obligated to pay each month is $80, late fees for any given month may not exceed $20.

*Disclaimer: The Legal Aid Society of Cleveland does not handle criminal legal matters. Legal Aid can only help you with civil legal matters. If you are a potential or newly charged criminal defendant, contact the Public Defender’s office local to you. You can find your local Public Defender’s office here: https://opd.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/opd/county-public-defender/county-public-defender-contacts*

The police want to speak to me about a criminal offense, what should I do?

You have an absolute constitutional right not to speak with the police or any official about anything that might implicate you in a crime.  You can choose to speak with the police, but you should only do so if an attorney is present with you.  You should refuse to speak with the police or any official until you contact an attorney.  That is generally true regardless of what you did or did not do.

If I am being arrested, what should I do?

1. Do not argue or resist arrest. The only good time for making your arguments is after you have an attorney.  You are not going to talk yourself out of being arrested. You may well make things worse by speaking.
2. Do not agree to allow the police to search your belongings or your property. The police may search without your consent, but do not provide that consent or you will be unable to successfully challenge the police actions later on.
3. Do not talk to the police about your case.
4. Do not speak with anyone else about your case, other than an attorney. You will be transported to the police station and/or to jail.  When you arrive at jail, you will find yourself housed with other persons who have been arrested. You will also interact with corrections officers.  DO NOT SPEAK TO OTHER INMATES OR TO CORRECTIONS OFFICERS ABOUT YOUR CASE.  Anything you say can be used against you and people in jail will sometimes use what you say against you to try to get a deal on their own case.
5. Do not speak with anyone on the phone about your case. You may have the opportunity to use a phone to call relatives, either from the police station or at the jail.  DO NOT DISCUSS YOUR CASE ON THESE CALLS.  These calls are not confidential and are usually recorded.  Prosecutors review the tapes of these calls to see if you have said anything they can use as evidence in your case.
6. Try to stay calm and be patient. You will generally see a judge within approximately 48 hours (though it is sometimes longer over the weekend).  While this may seem like a long time, it is very little time compared to what can happen if you make your case worse by speaking to people about your case and having that information used against you.

I cannot afford a lawyer. When and how will I get one?

You have a constitutional right to appointed attorney if you cannot afford one. You have a constitutional right not to speak with police without an attorney present.  This does not mean, however, that you will get an appointed attorney when you are first questioned by police.  In general, you will not receive an appointed attorney until your first court appearance.  Often, the attorney who represents you at the first court appearance will not be the permanent attorney representing you for the rest of your case.  In Municipal cases, you will generally get your permanent attorney at your first pretrial.  In Felony cases, you will generally get your permanent attorney at your arraignment on the indictment.

What happens at my first hearing and will I go to jail?

Felony cases: In a Felony case, you will often have an initial appearance in a Municipal Court for the purpose of advising you of the charges, setting a bond, and addressing the scheduling or waiver of a preliminary hearing.  You will not be asked to enter a plea at this proceeding and will not generally receive your permanent attorney.  If you are unable to post the bond imposed, you will go to jail until you are able to post the bond or get the bond reduced to something you can pay.  Occasionally, in a Felony case, a person will be directly indicted by a Grand Jury and will skip the initial appearance.  If that is the case, then your first court hearing will be your arraignment.  At the arraignment, you will plead not guilty, receive your permanent attorney, get your case assigned to a specific judge, and have a bond set.

Municipal cases: In a Municipal case, your initial appearance serves as a hearing to advise you of the charges, to set a bond, and to assign counsel and the specific judge.  Occasionally, in misdemeanor cases, there will be an opportunity to resolve the charges at the initial appearance by entering into a plea agreement with the City.  If you have any concerns or questions about a plea offer or the consequences of pleading guilty or no contest, you should wait to speak with your assigned attorney.

If I am in jail because of a criminal charge, how do I get out? What are my options regarding bond?

At your initial appearance or arraignment, the court will set a bond to secure your appearance at future proceedings.  In some cases, the court will set a personal bond which means that a dollar value is assigned to the bond, but you do not need to pay anything to get released from jail.  Instead, you sign paperwork promising to appear for court and comply with any other conditions of release set by the judge.  If you fail to appear, you will receive a warrant for your arrest and may be required to pay the dollar amount associated with the bond.

In other cases, the court will set a cash/surety/property (C/S/P) bond.   A dollar value will be set and the cash, surety, property will be used a “collateral” for your future appearance at court.  You may be required to post (or guarantee) the entire dollar amount set or may only be required to post 10% of the dollar amount, at the discretion of the court.

If you receive a C/S/P bond or 10% bond, you or someone on your behalf can post the bond by doing one of the following:

• Posting the bond in-person in the Criminal Division of the Clerk’s Office located on the Second Floor of the Justice Center.
• Posting the bond by telephone at (216) 698-5867. The telephonic posting of a bond will require a credit card and the ability to receive and complete bond paperwork (an email account with the ability to print and scan paperwork or complete a fillable PDF)

The Clerk’s Office charges an $85 fee on all bonds at the time of posting.

If you cannot afford to post the bond yourself, you can contact the Bail Project, a non-profit organization that provides free bail assistance to low-income individuals. The Bail Project will generally not post bonds more than $5000 (or $10,000 10% bonds), though it may make exceptions in certain cases. If they can assist you, the Bail Project will post your bond and provide other support (e.g., court reminders) to help you make your court dates. The Bail Project can be reached at (216) 223-8708 or by going to https://bailproject.org/cleveland/.

If you cannot post the bond and the Bail Project cannot assist you, you can also enter into a contract with a private bail bond company. Under this arrangement, you pay a fee to the company (usually 10% plus some processing fees) and the company guarantees the remainder of the bond amount. The fee you pay to the private bail bond company will not be returned to you even if you appear at all court hearings and comply with all conditions of release. It is advisable to consult with an attorney prior to contacting a bail bond company.

When will I get information about the allegations against me?

At or before your initial appearance or arraignment, you will receive a complaint or indictment which identifies the criminal charges against you.  The information you receive in the complaint or indictment is generally limited to identifying the offense or offenses, the date(s) of the offense(s), and the alleged victim(s) of the offense(s).  You will generally not receive more detailed information about the allegations until you have a permanent attorney assigned and they receive discovery (e.g. police reports, body cams, witness statements, medical records) from the prosecutor.  Your attorney will then share that information with you.  Sometimes, if the discovery is designated as “Counsel Only,” your attorney cannot provide you a copy of the discovery, but they can and should go over all of the information with you.

When will I get a chance to tell my side of the story?

When you get an attorney assigned, you will have the opportunity to have confidential communications with counsel and explain your side of the story.  At this point, the attorney acts as a go-between. The attorney advocates on your behalf and on behalf of your story with the prosecutor and judge during pre-trial proceedings.  You will not have an opportunity to speak directly to either the prosecutor or the judge at this time; nor is it advisable to do so.  You do, however, have a constitutional right to a jury trial (or you can have a bench trial) and a constitutional right to testify at trial (or chose to remain silent).

A trial serves as the opportunity to tell your side of the story, regardless of whether you chose to testify.  Your attorney will work with you to determine whether your defense will focus on cross-examining the prosecution’s witnesses, calling witnesses for the defense, or even calling you as a witness in your own defense.

If you chose to enter a guilty plea, you will have an opportunity at sentencing to provide your side of the story in mitigation of the potential sentence imposed by the court.

Written by Cullen Sweeney, Chief Public Defender of the Cuyahoga County Office of the Public Defender

Are you in need of virtual meeting space?

Do you have a court hearing and need technology access for a virtual hearing?

Or, are you already a Legal Aid client and need a way to connect with your attorney for a virtual meeting?

Libraries across Northeast Ohio are providing study rooms equipped with tools for you to conduct virtual meetings on platforms like Zoom, MS Teams, and WebEx. This page contains information regarding public libraries with study rooms that enable private video conferencing, along with instructions for how to reserve a room.

Ashtabula County:

Ashtabula County District Library

You can call either branch (Ashtabula – 440.997.9341 | Geneva – 440.466.4521) and reserve the meeting room up to a month in advance. The Ashtabula location also has small private study rooms available for small meetings. It is available on a first come first served basis for an hour at a time, but patrons are advised to call ahead to get their name down to ensure availability. If you have a particular need (like an appointment, they can also call ahead of time, explain their need in general to the staff and we will make accommodations as possible. Both buildings have laptops with webcams available. The Ashtabula Public Library location also has a Meeting Owl Pro 360 degree conferencing camera (compatible with Zoom, Google Hangouts, Slack, GoToMeeting, etc.) to facilitate hybrid meetings available upon request.

Andover Public Library
To reserve virtual meeting space, first call 440-293-6792 and indicate interest in reserving a room to schedule an in-person visit. Once the reservation is complete, the attendee will have access to virtual meeting options when visiting the library. The Andover Public Library has recently expanded services, including a video conferencing station.

Cuyahoga County:

Cleveland Public Library
Select Cleveland Library branches will soon have virtual meeting rooms, thanks to support from the NFL Foundation!  Check back to this page to learn more.

Cuyahoga County Public Library System
19 branches have study rooms available.  Here’s a link to a video that explains how to reserve and use them: https://youtu.be/o-JRuyIKKW0.   

Rooms can be reserved 1 week in advance for up to 2 hours, during regular library hours. Each room features: a computer, speakers, microphone, webcam, and keyboard. A library account is required to use the video conferencing equipment. For more information, including a complete list of the qualifying libraries, click this link to view a downloadable PDF.

The County library also has virtual Zoom Rooms. If you are connected to a computer but not a Zoom license, you can book a “room” using the County library license.  Click here for info, and visit this link for an instructional video: https://youtu.be/H4QDOdZW3XM

Lakewood Public Library – Main Branch
To reserve virtual meeting space, first call 216-226-8275, ask to speak with the reference desk, and then a supervisor. From there, you will be able to reserve a room. Once the reservation is complete, the attendee will have access to virtual meeting technology once they attend the room.

Westlake Porter Public Library
To reserve meeting space for a virtual meeting, first call 440-871-2600 and ask to speak with adult services. From there, you will be able to register to reserve a room. Once the reservation is complete, the attendee will have access to virtual meeting technology once they attend the room. Walk-in reservations are also available, but space may be limited.

Geauga County:

Geauga County Library – Bainbridge Branch
To reserve virtual meeting space, first call 440-543-5611, and ask to speak with the reference desk. From there, you will be able to reserve a room. Once the reservation is complete, the attendee will have access to virtual meeting technology when visiting the library.

Geauga County Public Library – Chardon Branch
To reserve virtual meeting space, first call 440-285-7601, and ask to speak with the reference desk ask to speak with the reference desk. From there, you will be able to reserve a room. Once the reservation is complete, the attendee will have access to virtual meeting technology when visiting the library.

Geauga County Public Library – Geauga West Branch
To reserve virtual meeting space, first call 440-729-4250, and ask to speak with the reference desk. From there, you will be able to reserve a room. Once the reservation is complete, the attendee will have access to virtual meeting technology when visiting the library.

Geauga County Public Library – Middlefield Branch
To reserve virtual meeting space, first call 440-632-1961, and ask to speak with the reference desk. From there, you will be able to reserve a room. Once the reservation is complete, the attendee will have access to virtual meeting technology when visiting the library.

Geauga County Public Library – Thompson Station
To reserve virtual meeting space, first call 440-632-1961, and ask to speak with the reference desk. From there, you will be able to reserve a room. Once the reservation is complete, the attendee will have access to virtual meeting technology when visiting the library.

Lake County:

Madison Public Library
The library has 13 Chromebooks and 6 Windows laptops available for use. The computers are available on a first-come, first-serve bases at the circulation desk and are available to any library member. The member must sign an equipment waiver.

Mentor Libraries
To reserve virtual meeting space, fill out an online application. The meeting rooms are available for up to two hours at a time and must be reserved by an adult. Once the application is filled out, the attendee will receive meeting information for a Zoom room.

Willoughby-Eastlake Libraries
The library has Chromebook bundles available including the computer and an internet hotspot. The bundles can be checked out to adult library members for 14 days with a library card and photo ID.

Lorain County:

Lorain Public Library System – Main Branch
The library meeting rooms can be booked by calling 440-244-1192 or through an online form. Rooms can be reserved by library members 18 years or older. Conference rooms have WiFi, but users will need a personal device. Walk-in reservations are accepted, but space may be limited.

Lorain Public Library System – North Ridgeville Branch
The library meeting rooms can be booked by calling 440-244-1192 or through an online form. Rooms can be reserved by library members 18 years or older. Conference room C has a laptop with webcam and microphone for meetings. Walk-in reservations are accepted, but space may be limited.

Lorain Public Library System – South Branch
The library meeting rooms can be booked by calling 440-244-1192 or through an online form. Rooms can be reserved by library members 18 years or older. Conference rooms A and B have laptops with webcams and microphones for meetings. Another conference room has WiFi, but users will need a personal device. Walk-in reservations are accepted, but space may be limited.

Every person has the right to represent themselves in court. A “pro se litigant” is a person who is involved in litigation but not represented by an attorney. Instead, the person represents themselves, also sometimes referred to as a “self-represented litigant.”

Court staff can help a pro se litigant understand how to do things. For example, court staff may answer questions about how the court works or explain what different words mean. The staff may also give you information from your case file and provide you with court forms and sample documents. Court staff cannot tell a pro se litigant what to do. Court staff cannot provide legal advice or research, or tell you what to request from the judge or court. See more information about preparing to represent yourself in court here.

Some courts offer help to pro se litigants. For example, the Information Center at the Cuyahoga County Domestic Relations Court has computers for completing court forms and staff will provide general information about court procedures and forms. The Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court has a Pro Se Center that provides blank forms and reviews completed forms. Cleveland Housing Court has Specialists that will assist pro se litigants with information on housing issues and will provide sample forms, general assistance and other resources.

There are many online resources for pro se litigants. For example, the Cleveland Law Library website has a large page on resources for pro se litigants. See more information here. In addition, the American Bar Association lists pro se resources by state and includes helpful articles, reports, court rules and other links. See more information here. See a list of resources here.

When filing a case in court, you may be able to complete a poverty affidavit, which waives prepayment of fees usually charged to file documents with the clerk of court. The poverty affidavit must show that you cannot afford the filing fees. For more information and sample forms, click here.

If you have to represent yourself in court, remember that pro se litigants must follow the same rules and laws as attorneys. The judge can provide some limited help, however. For example, you have the right to ask for clarification if you don’t understand something. If you are asked a question you don’t understand, you should say so. Just like attorneys, you must always tell the truth in court.

On-Line Resources for Pro Se Litigants
In the United States, people do not have a right to court appointed attorneys in civil cases when facing problems such as divorce, foreclosure, or eviction. People have no right to a free attorney for disputes with agencies about benefits, such as Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, Ohio Department of Medicaid, Social Security Administration or the Department of Veteran Affairs. In these situations, people who cannot afford to hire an attorney often must represent themselves in court or before an administrative law judge. The following resources can be helpful when preparing to represent yourself, or going to court “pro se,” as it is called when you do not have an attorney.

Cleveland Law Library
http://clelaw.lib.oh.us/PUBLIC/MISC/FAQs/Self_Help.HTML
1 West Lakeside Avenue, FL4
Cleveland, OH 44113
(216) 861- 5070

Ohio Legal Services

ABA Pro Se Resources 

National Center for State Courts Self Representation Resource Guide

Ohio Judicial Conference

Self-Represented Litigation Network

How to Research a Legal Problem: A Guide for Non-Lawyers

Keys to the Courtroom: A Pro Se Litigant Guide

American Judicature Society’s Pro Se Forum

Yale University’s Docket Research Guide (Information on how court docket’s can be searched)

This article was written by Vanessa Hemminger and appeared in The Alert: Volume 31, Issue 2. Click here to read a full PDF of this issue!

Mediation is a way for people to solve a legal problem without going to trial. Mediation usually occurs after a court case is filed. But, it can also happen before a court case begins.

At mediation, the parties have an opportunity to tell their side of the story. The mediator helps reach an agreement that is acceptable to both parties. A settlement agreement states what each party will do in order to resolve their dispute.

Both parties must attend the mediation. Parties do not need a lawyer to go to mediation.  If an agreement is reached, the terms are put in writing and both parties sign it.  The parties are required to follow the agreement. When a court case is already filed, if any party violates the settlement agreement, the other party may request a hearing from the court.

When preparing for mediation, parties should collect and bring to the mediation any papers related to their dispute.  What each party says during mediation is confidential and cannot be used in court against each other. However, the mediator may be required to report issues of child abuse, elder abuse and the admission of a crime.

If the parties cannot reach an agreement at mediation, the case can be filed in court or if already filed, it will be sent back to the court for a trial where a judge or jury decides the outcome.

The Cleveland Housing Court offers mediation for the benefit of both landlords and tenants.  Most commonly in eviction cases, the parties agree on a date for the tenant to voluntarily move out.  Landlords benefit by knowing a tenant will move and tenants avoid having an eviction judgment.  To schedule mediation at Cleveland Housing Court, contact the mediation coordinator at 216-664-4926 or see a Housing Court Specialist on the 13th floor of the Justice Center.

Mediation can also be an option to resolve disagreements about child custody.  See Legal Aid’s brochure, Custody Mediation: What You Should Know In Advance, available at  http://lasclev.org/custodymediationbrochure/.

Mediation is available to help resolve other types of problems through the Cleveland Mediation Center.  See http://clevelandmediation.org/programs/community-disputes/ for more information.

This article was written by Legal Aid Senior Attorney Abigail Staudt & Staff Attorney Hazel Remesch and appeared in The Alert: Volume 30, Issue 2. Click here to read a full PDF of this issue!

Most people end up in court because they have to go, not because they want to be there; either they are being charged with a crime or they cannot resolve a dispute. When going to court, the assistance of a good lawyer makes a big difference.  Unfortunately, many people cannot afford to hire a lawyer.  In certain types of cases, you have the right to ask the court to “appoint” or assign a lawyer to represent you who you do not have to pay.

CRIMINAL CASES

In criminal cases, you have a right to a lawyer whenever you might receive any amount of jail or prison time.  This generally means you have a right to a lawyer in every felony case and most misdemeanor cases, including traffic offenses, with the exception of minor misdemeanors.  You will not usually have a lawyer appointed until the first time you appear before the judge; but, you do not have to speak to police without a lawyer present.  You also generally have a right to a lawyer on your first appeal or at a hearing where you may be sent to jail for violating your probation or parole.

JUVENILE COURT CASES

Both parents and children have the right to lawyers in juvenile court proceedings.  When a child is charged with committing a crime, he or she has a right to a lawyer.  When Children and Family Services removes or attempts to take custody of children, the parents have the right to a lawyer and the children may also have a right to their own lawyer (in addition to a guardian ad litem).

CHILD SUPPORT CASES

A parent who may go to jail for failing to pay child support has a right to counsel at the “show cause” or “contempt” hearing.   A parent is not, however, entitled to a lawyer when determining the amount of the child support payments.

OTHER CIVIL CASES

In a few other circumstances—generally where your liberty is at stake, you also have a right to a lawyer.  If you are the subject of a guardianship, a civil commitment, or certain immigration proceedings (such as removal or asylum), you likely have a right to appointed counsel.

In most other civil cases, such as evictions or if you are sued by a creditor, you do not have a right to a court appointed lawyer.  You can hire a lawyer to represent you, or apply for free legal assistance through the Legal Aid Society of Cleveland, which may be able to help in some cases.  Call 1-888-817-3777 to apply for assistance.

This article was written by Cuyahoga County Public Defender Cullen Sweeney and appeared in The Alert: Volume 30, Issue 2. Click here to read a full PDF of this issue!

What is Housing Court?  In Ohio, three courts have divisions that specialize in housing-related issues:  Cleveland, Toledo, and Franklin County.  These courts were created to allow judges to develop expertise in these areas of law and use a problem-solving approach to cases.  In other cities, the municipal court typically hears cases related to housing issues.

What types of cases are heard in Housing Court?  The courts hear civil and criminal cases related to real property.  The civil cases include landlord tenant matters, like evictions, rent deposits, and actions to compel repairs.  The criminal cases involve the failure to maintain property, and include building, housing, health, fire and zoning code violations.

What should you know about going to Housing Court on your own?

You are not required to have an attorney to appear in Housing Court (unless you are appearing on behalf of a company you own).  If you are in Court on a criminal case you may be entitled to a court-appointed attorney.  Ask the Judge about your right to counsel when you appear for a criminal case.

• Read your court papers carefully!  They will tell you when and where you are to appear, and whether you need to file anything in writing with the Court.

• Look at the Court’s website.  Most websites post basic information, including local rules, and have a list of “frequently asked questions.”

• Read the rules.  A court’s local rules tell you how individual courts handle cases.  Also, all parties must follow the Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure, whether they are represented by an attorney or not.

• Evictions are summary proceedings.  This means that cases move quickly, and usually are heard and decided at the first hearing.  In Cleveland, if you are ordered to move, you may have as few as seven days to do so!  If you have special circumstances you would like the Court to consider, bring related paperwork to the hearing.

• Consider mediation.  The Cleveland Housing Court now offers community mediation, in which court staff  meet with landlords and tenants in their neighborhoods to try and resolve problems and avoid future lawsuits.  For more information, please contact the Court at 216-664-4295.  In other communities, check with the municipal court to find out if mediation is available.

• Questions?  Many organizations offer help to tenants.  Call 2-1-1 for resources in your community.  In Cleveland, see a Housing Specialist for information about court procedure and landlord-tenant law, Monday through Friday, from 8:00AM – 3:30PM, on the 13^th floor of the Justice Center.  The Specialists are not attorneys, and cannot represent you, but can answer general questions.

This article was written by Cleveland Housing Court Senior Staff Attorney Jessica M. Weymouth and appeared in The Alert: Volume 30, Issue 2. Click here to read a full PDF of this issue!

Answer: A document filed by the defendant with the court responding to the plaintiff’s complaint.^[1]

Civil Action: A lawsuit filed with a court to demand a legal solution to a private dispute.[2]

Complaint: The first document filed by the plaintiff in a case. It describes what the plaintiff claims the defendant did wrong that caused the plaintiff some harm.

Court Docket: An official court record of what has happened in a legal case.  The docket is a public record and can often be viewed online from the court’s website.[3]

Default Judgment: A judgment granted by the court for failure to file a pleading by a specific deadline or a failure to appear in court when required.[4]

Defendant: The person being sued in the lawsuit and who the plaintiff claims did something wrong.

Magistrate: A court official appointed by a judge with authority to administer and enforce the law in a case.^[5]

Motion: A written request asking the court to take some form of action (for example, to dismiss a complaint).^[6]

Plaintiff: The person or company who files the lawsuit with the court.

Pleadings: Written documents filed by the plaintiff or defendant that give information to the court about the dispute.^[7]

Poverty Affidavit: A written, sworn statement that you have a low income and do not have enough money to pay court filing fees.[8]

Pro Se: A person who does not have an attorney representing them in their case and who appears in court by himself or herself.^[9]

Summons: A court order requiring a person to appear or respond in writing to the complaint. Failure to appear in a civil case can result in a default judgment; failure to appear in a criminal case can result in being arrested.^[10]

This article was written by Legal Aid Paralegal Kristen Simpson and appeared in The Alert: Volume 30, Issue 2. Click here to read a full PDF of this issue!

The American legal system is based on federal laws, which cover the entire country, and state laws, which only cover a particular state. Federal and state systems handle both civil and criminal cases.  Federal courts handle civil issues like bankruptcy, while state courts handle civil issues like evictions and divorce.

A civil case typically starts when one person, the plaintiff, claims that another person, the defendant, harmed the plaintiff by doing something against the law or by not doing something they were legally required to do.  Criminal cases begin when a person is accused of a crime, or “indicted.” Unlike in civil cases, the government brings criminal cases through the county prosecutor’s office.  The victim is not a party to the case.

There are many kinds of state courts, including municipal courts and common pleas courts, where cases usually start. Municipal courts hear less serious criminal cases and civil claims for less than $15,000. Common Pleas courts primarily hear felonies and civil cases worth more than $15,000.  If a party loses at trial, she can take her case to the Court of Appeals. The loser on appeal can ask the Ohio Supreme Court to hear the case.   All courts can only hear cases within their jurisdiction, which is generally the geographic area where the court is located (e.g. Cleveland Municipal Court hears cases that occur in Cleveland.)

The Clerk of Courts is the person who keeps the records for the court.  The Clerk receives documents for filing and collects court fees.  People who have to go to court and cannot afford to pay filing fees can often file a “poverty affidavit.”  A “poverty affidavit” is a sworn statement that you have a low income and cannot afford the fees. Once you file the affidavit and a judge approves it, your filing fees will be reduced or waived in that case.  See http://lasclev.org/selfhelp-povertyaffidavit/ for more information. 

Some problems must be addressed through an administrative proceeding before going to court.  Benefits provided by the state, such as Unemployment Compensation, food stamps, and Medicaid, are part of the administrative law system. When an agency like the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services makes a negative decision about a person’s benefits, the person must be notified and given an opportunity to request a hearing by a certain deadline.  At the hearing, a person is allowed to bring an attorney or other representative to help explain why the agency’s decision was wrong.  After all available administrative proceedings have been used unsuccessfully, a person can take their issue to court.

This article was written by Legal Aid Summer Associate Jacob Whiten and appeared in The Alert: Volume 30, Issue 2. Click here to read a full PDF of this issue!

Many people are tempted to file bankruptcy without a lawyer because of the high cost of a bankruptcy attorney.   The process of self filing, however, is sometimes scary, often confusing, and full of potential pitfalls.   If you cannot afford to hire an attorney but think you are a candidate for bankruptcy, apply to Legal Aid or attend a free legal Brief Advice Clinic before filing on your own.

In 2005, bankruptcy law changed to make it more difficult for people to file a bankruptcy. Attorney fees increased dramatically. As a result, fewer people can afford to hire an attorney but the need for counsel in the bankruptcy process is even greater.

Changes to the law include a requirement to file specific documents, taking financial management classes, and testing your level of income to make sure you qualify for a bankruptcy.     All these barriers are designed to make your bankruptcy harder and create greater risk for someone filing on their own.

The bankruptcy trustee (who administers the bankruptcy for the Court) will tell you that he or she cannot give you any legal advice if something goes wrong, and will not likely sympathize with you just because you don’t have a lawyer.       If you misunderstand the rules, you could accidentally   lose your house or your car.   If your bankruptcy fails entirely, you may lose your filing fee and have to start again.     Worst   of   all, (where you do not follow a Court order), you may not be able to ever discharge your debts, even if you file a new bankruptcy.

You should also be cautious about using “petition preparers.”   They are not attorneys, cannot give legal advice, and likely charge too much for simply typing the forms.

Before you decide to file for bankruptcy on your own, contact Legal Aid at 1-888-817-3777 to see if you qualify for our bankruptcy assistance.   You can also find out the date and location of the next free brief advice clinic for assistance.

This article was written by Legal Aid attorney Michael Attali and appeared in The Alert: Volume 29, Issue 1. Click here to read the full issue.

Tell them what happened and ask for their assistance. Police must do the following if responding to the incident:

1. Conduct separate interviews with the victim and the abuser
2. Ask about the history of abuse
3. Provide the officer’s name, badge and report numbers
4. Provide the telephone number of a domestic violence shelter, a number to call for information about the case and provide information about any local victim advocate program
5. Make a written report of the incident even if an arrest is not made

Be sure to ask for the officer’s name, badge and report numbers, and also request that a police report is filed.

An officer should arrest an abuser who causes serious physical harm or uses a weapon during the incident. The police may request that domestic violence or other charges be filed if an arrest is made.

Have your state public benefits been reduced or terminated? Changes to your benefits can happen if you missed an appointment, did not submit correct information, or did not report changes in your income. If you believe the recent change to your benefits is a mistake, you may request a state hearing. A state hearing is an opportunity for you to explain the mistake and request the full amount of benefits you should receive.

Before the Hearing

If you request a state hearing, you may continue receiving the original amount of your benefits as long as you make the request within 15 days of receiving the notice about the change. Once your request is made by phone or letter to your local agency, you will be notified when and where the hearing will take place.

You may choose a representative (lawyer, friend, or relative) to act for you with the agency, but it is not required. A representative can attend the hearing in your place as long as the person has written permission from you. You may usually review information in your case file and subpoena witnesses and documents at least five days before the hearing.

At the Hearing

The hearing is where you will meet or speak with a hearing officer who will listen to the information provided and decide if changes to your benefits are correct. A representative from the agency will present information in favor of the change and you can present information about why you believe the change is a mistake. If you cannot attend the scheduled hearing due to transportation, medical, or child care issues, you may ask to postpone or request a telephone hearing. If you miss the hearing and did not call ahead of time but you have a good reason, you must contact State Hearings within 10 days to request your hearing be continued to another date.

After the Hearing

You should receive a decision within 30 days from the date a state hearing was requested. Food assistance increases must happen within 10 days of the decision and decreases by the next time you receive assistance. All other benefit increases or decreases should happen within 15 days of the decision.

If you disagree with the decision by the hearing officer, you may request an administrative appeal. If you receive another notice of changing benefits, you must request a separate hearing for that new action. Legal Aid can help with some benefits denials and terminations. Call 1-888-817-3777 to apply for assistance.

This article was written by Brittney Brown and Claire O’Connor and appeared in The Alert: Volume 31, Issue 2. Click here to read a full PDF of this issue!

It is always best to have an attorney help you in court, but if you find you must represent yourself, here are some suggestions. Two courts handle family law issues, Juvenile and Domestic Relations.  Start by reading the court’s website. Some courts post forms and instructions. For example, the Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Domestic Relations Division, has a complete packet with instructions and forms on how to file a divorce and your divorce decree. If you visit the clerk’s office, remember that clerks are not permitted to give legal advice.

If you seek a specific outcome, start by filing a complaint or motion. The other party must receive a copy of the documents that you file with a court. This is called “service.” You can ask the clerk of courts to “serve” the other party by completing a “service instruction” form. You will need a complete address for the other party. Failure to provide an accurate address for the other party will postpone your hearing. The clerk will send you notice of the date, time, and location for your hearing. Remember to notify the scheduler of any changes to your address or phone number. Mark your calendar for deadlines and hearings in your case.

The court expects you to be ready for your hearing. Keep your papers organized with paper clips or folders. Bring to court whatever proof you have that supports your case. For example, to prove your income for child support, you should have recent paystubs, w-2s and tax returns. Include three (3) copies of all documents that you plan to present to the court: one copy for the judge, another for the other party, and the third copy for yourself. Also, have copies of any documents that were filed by you and the other side. You can refer back to these papers as necessary.  Invite witnesses that can help you prove your case. The court will expect you to present testimony by asking questions during the hearing. Make sure you know what your witnesses will say when deciding who should testify.

When a case concerns children, courts will not permit your children to come into the court room, so it will be important to plan for child care ahead of time.

When it is time to present your case, stand and follow the directions of the judge or magistrate. Make sure to dress appropriately. Explain what you would like the court to do for you and your family. Most importantly, point out why this action is needed and how it will serve you or the best interest of your children.

This article was written by Legal Aid Managing Attorneys Davida Dodson and Tonya Whitsett and appeared in The Alert: Volume 30, Issue 2. Click here to read a full PDF of this issue!

The Legal Aid Society of Cleveland recently created a self-help section on its website to begin providing tools to people who must go to court on their own without the help of an attorney.  The tools currently available can help people with the following:

• Completing a poverty affidavit to request a waiver of court filing fees
• Sealing a criminal record
• Completing health care directives (living will and health care power of attorney)
• Accessing the Cuyahoga County Child Support Portal for information about child support orders

Keep checking the Cleveland Legal Aid website for more self-help tools in the coming months.   If you have questions, attend one of Legal Aid’s free brief advice clinics.  You can find a list of upcoming clinic dates and locations here.

This article appeared in The Alert: Volume 30, Issue 2. Click here to read a full PDF of this issue!

Many people go to court without a lawyer, also called appearing “pro se.”  It can be a scary process, but preparing for the court hearing and knowing what to expect can reduce stress and allow you to better present the facts and issues in your case.  If you are representing yourself in court, the following steps will help you prepare.

1)      Know where your courtroom is located.  Once you receive your court date, take a trip and find your courtroom.  This will help you plan travel time, parking or bus routes, plus give you an idea of the layout of the building so that you can easily find your way to court on the day of your hearing.  Always make sure to leave plenty of travel time for unexpected issues.  If you are not in your courtroom at the time your case is called it can be dismissed or move forward without you.

2)      Present yourself as a business person at your hearing.  Although you are not a lawyer, you are representing yourself and you want to look and act the part.  You do not need to buy new clothing, but make sure to dress professionally. Also, make sure all devices, such as cell phones, are turned off.  Court officials may take these items if they ring during a hearing.  In addition, you should only bring into the courtroom people needed for your case.  Others can distract you during the hearing and may cause disruption.  You should address the judge as “Your Honor.”  Although you may disagree with the opposing party, do not interrupt or argue with anyone in court.  You will be given time to speak and present your case.

3)      Prepare the evidence you will use in your case.  Not all evidence is allowed to be used to support your case.  At the hearing, the judge or magistrate may tell you that you cannot present certain evidence.  Don’t get frustrated if you are told this and continue moving forward with your case.  For any papers you plan to use as evidence, make sure to have copies for you, the opposing party and the court.  The court and the opposing party will keep their copies.  You should also talk with your potential witnesses to prepare them and let them know they may have to answer questions from the opposing party or attorney and the judge.  Remind your witnesses to dress appropriately and turn off all devices before entering the courtroom.

Following these steps can help you feel prepared, avoid unexpected surprises the day of your hearing, and present your case clearly to the court.

This article was written by Legal Aid supervising attorneys Lauren Gilbride and Kari White and appeared in The Alert: Volume 30, Issue 2. Click here to read a full PDF of this issue!

A durable power of attorney can be one of the most helpful estate planning tools a person uses, but it can also be very risky. A durable POA gives a person (who is called an “attorney in fact”) legal authority to act for another person in a variety of matters, including banking, benefits, housing, taxes, real estate, litigation, and more. (The durable POA is different from a Health Care Power of Attorney, which is the form used to appoint a person to make decisions about health care.)

A power of attorney can be limited or very broad in scope depending on what is needed. A properly written and executed durable POA can give someone a great deal of power over another person’s affairs, and should be carefully considered. Executing a power of attorney does not take away the ability of the principal — the person signing the power of attorney — to continue to conduct his own affairs.

When deciding who to name as “attorney in fact,” consider four things about potential people:

1) Trust. The person named in a POA must be trusted to do what the principal wants and needs. The “attorney in fact” must not use his authority to take advantage of the principal and cannot exceed the authority given to him.

2) Competency. The attorney in fact must be capable of handling the tasks the principal needs done. A person who must handle a complicated tax matter needs a different level of competency than someone who needs to make sure the rent is paid each month.

3) Capacity. The needs of the principal may change over time. The attorney in fact should have the time, energy, and willingness to help the principal as different situations arise.

4) Communication. The principal and the attorney in fact should be able to communicate clearly with each other. The principal needs to give directions about what she wants done under different circumstances, and the attorney in fact should be honest about what she is willing and able to do.

Ohio’s “power of attorney” form, along with tools and resources to help fill it out, can be found here. The POA form should be signed before a notary. The POA must be given to anyone or any institutions asked to rely on it, such as a bank or landlord. The POA lasts until the principal dies or says the power of attorney is no longer in effect. The POA must be recorded with the county if used for any transactions involving real property.

Older adults and people with disabilities or serious illness may apply to Legal Aid for help creating a durable power of attorney by calling 1-888-817-3777.

This article was written by Anne Sweeney and appeared in The Alert: Volume 33, Issue 1. Click here to read a full PDF of this issue!

Although second-year Ohio Access to Justice Foundation Justice for All Fellow Julia Lauritzen was excited to begin her fellowship at The Legal Aid Society of Cleveland last fall, she wasn’t sure exactly how it would go, given the COVID-19 pandemic.

“I came in with vague expectations,” Lauritzen said. “But I think I envisioned having more of a physical presence at the [Cuyahoga County Public Defender’s] office. The pandemic changed that.”

Instead of building relationships in person, Lauritzen interacts with clients mostly via phone or Zoom. She receives client referrals from the Cuyahoga County Public Defender when there’s an indication that they have civil legal issues that are either pre-existing or compounded by their experience with the criminal justice system. The referral process accomplishes the main objective of Lauritzen’s fellowship, which is to grow a partnership between legal aid and the Cuyahoga County Public Defender’s office to provide holistic legal support for clients.

It took some time and planning to get the partnership up and running, but Lauritzen found a collaborative and helpful partner in the Public Defender’s office. Now, with the partnership well established, Lauritzen receives a steady stream of referrals.

Cases involving driver’s license suspensions make up a substantial portion of the referrals.

“It wasn’t an issue I anticipated to be getting a lot of case referrals for,” Lauritzen said. “But it’s been surprising to learn about the many ways a client’s driver’s license can be suspended and the barriers it can create for them further down the line.”

Lauritzen also handles immigration cases. Gaining experience in immigration law has helped refine her research skills regarding complex immigration issues and the ramifications for clients.

“For folks who aren’t citizens, there are many potential consequences for criminal convictions,” she said. “So [the Cuyahoga County Public Defender] will refer clients to me, and then I can research and advise on what some of the immigration consequences could be for that case.”

One of her proudest accomplishments so far is beginning and growing the relationship with the Public Defender under the unusual circumstances of COVID.

“Starting from scratch and setting up a process that works and that we can continue to learn from is definitely the biggest achievement,” Lauritzen said.

In the future, Lauritzen wants to continue learning how criminal and civil cases are connected and the best way to address them.

“There’s more to be learned and figuring out what works best to resolve these issues,” she said.

The Ohio Access to Justice Foundation funds law school graduates with a passion for public service to address urgent legal problems facing Ohioans. Meet the Justice for All Fellows.

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Read the story at Ohio Access to Justice Foundation: Justice for All Fellow Julia Lauritzen Grows Civil-Criminal Legal Partnership in Northeast Ohio – Ohio Access to Justice Foundation (ohiojusticefoundation.org)