Imbali emfutshane yoMbutho woNcedo lwezoMthetho waseCleveland
Ngaphezu kwenkulungwane, iLegal Aid Society yaseCleveland ibibonelela ngeenkonzo zomthetho zasimahla kubantu abangakwaziyo ukuqesha igqwetha.
Yadityaniswa ngoMeyi 10, 1905, ngumbutho wesihlanu omdala woncedo lwezomthetho kwihlabathi.
Uncedo lwezoMthetho lwasekwa apha ukuze lubonelele ngoncedo lwezomthetho kubantu abafumana umvuzo ophantsi, ingakumbi abo basuka kwamanye amazwe. Amagqwetha amabini abucala, u-Isador Grossman no-Arthur D. Baldwin, baququzelela uNcedo lwezoMthetho. UMnu. Grossman wayekuphela kwegqwetha lakhe ukususela ngo-1905 ukuya kowe-1912. Ukususela ngowe-1912 ukuya kowe-1939, uMbutho””oxhaswa yiminikelo yabucala””wawenza ikhontrakthi neefem zamagqwetha zangaphandle ukuze zibonelele ngeenkonzo zomthetho. Umgwebi obambeleyo uAlexander Hadden wakhonza njengomongameli webhodi yoMbutho de kwangowe-1920 waza waba ngumongameli obekekileyo de kwangowe-1926.
Ngomnyaka ka-1913, uNcedo lwezoMthetho lwaba yi-arhente yokuqesha yeNgxowa-mali yoLuntu (ngoku eyiNdlela eManyeneyo). Ebutsheni beminyaka yee-1960, uMbutho wayeka ukubagcina amagqwetha angaphandle waza waseka awawo amagqwetha. Yaba ngumxhasi weOfisi yeThuba lezoQoqosho, "umanduleli weQumrhu leeNkonzo zoMthetho," ngo-1966. Iyaqhubeka ifumana imali kwi-United Way kunye ne-Legal Services Corporation.
Kunyaka wayo wokuqala opheleleyo wokusebenza, uNcedo lwezoMthetho lwamela abathengi abangama-456. Ngowe-1966, phantsi kokhokelo lwalowo wayesakuba ngumalathisi waza kamva waba yiJaji yeNkundla Yezikhalazo Eziqhelekileyo uBurt Griffin, uMbutho waseka iiofisi ezintlanu kwimimandla yaseCleveland eyayinemivuzo ephantsi. Ngo-1970, malunga nama-30,000 abahlali abafumana imivuzo ephantsi babencedwa ngamagqwetha angama-66 oNcedo lwezoMthetho kumatyala embambano, olwaphulo-mthetho nawolutsha. Namhlanje, uMbutho woNcedo lwezoMthetho waseCleveland ukhonza iAshtabula, iCuyahoga, iGeauga, iLake, kunye neLorain. Sikuphela kombutho woncedo lwezomthetho kuMntla-mpuma weOhio. Ngabasebenzi bamagqwetha angama-63 kunye nabasebenzi abangama-38 bolawulo/abaxhasayo, iLegal Aid ikwaqhayisa ngerosta yamavolontiya angaphezu kwama-3,000 amagqwetha – phantse ama-600 kuwo abandakanyeka kwityala okanye iklinikhi kunyaka othile.
Ugqaliselo loNcedo lwezoMthetho kwiminyaka yalo yokuqala lwalusebenzela uwiso-mthetho olujoliswe kwiinkqubo ezingafanelekanga zamashishini axhaphaza abantu abafumana imivuzo ephantsi. Ingxelo yonyaka yokuqala yoMbutho ibhekisela kumlinganiselo wokulawula ababolekisi ngemali ababebiza abantu abahluphekayo ngenzala yama-60% ukuya kuma-200%.
Kwanangaphambi kokuba uMbutho ubandakanywe ngokusemthethweni, abaseki bawo bazama ukulungisa ukuxhatshazwa kwabantu abahlwempuzekileyo okwaduma kakubi ngabagwebi boxolo baselokishini ebizwa ngokuba “ziiNkundla Zabantu Abangamahlwempu.” Abagwebi bangena ngokukhululekileyo eCleveland, eyayingenayo inkundla yayo. UJaji Manuel Levine, iTrasti yoNcedo lwezoMthetho iminyaka engama-32, wayengumbhali oyintloko womthetho oyilwayo owathi ngo-1910 wadala inkundla yokuqala kamasipala eOhio. Ukudalwa kwaloo nkundla ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela ekuphelisweni kobulungisa obuxhaphazayo beenkundla zoxolo kurhulumente. Kwakhona ngowe-1910, uMbutho wagunyazisa ukuba kuwiswe umthetho owakhokelela ekudalweni kwenkundla yamabango yokuqala encinane yehlabathi. Inkundla yamabango amancinci yaxeliswa ngokubanzi kwilizwe lonke
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, uNcedo lwezoMthetho luye lwanceda ukuzisa utshintsho lwenkqubo. Ifake iintshukumo ezininzi zeklasi, ezikhokelele kutshintsho oluchaphazela ubomi babaninzi.
Iisuti zeklasi eziyimpumelelo zijongene nemiba eyahlukahlukeneyo ukusuka kucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekukhetheni indawo yezindlu zikawonke-wonke kunye nokuqeshwa nokunyuswa kwamapolisa aseCleveland kunye nabacimi-mlilo ukuphelisa i-SSI kunye nezibonelelo zokukhubazeka zoKhuseleko lweNtlalo kubamkeli ngaphandle kobungqina bokuphuculwa kwezonyango. Amanye amatyala azisa uphuculo kwiintolongo zengingqi kunye nezibhedlele zabagula ngengqondo kwaye aseka ilungelo lokucebisa kwiinkqubo zokuzibophelela kunye namatyala angalunganga.
Ngowe-1977, iLegal Aid yaphumelela kwisigqibo esiphawulekayo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States esiphathelele amalungelo eentsapho ezandisiweyo zokuhlala kunye kwityala likaMoore v. City of East Cleveland.
Imisebenzi yophuhliso loQoqosho yoNcedo lwezoMthetho yanceda ekusekweni kweQumrhu loPhuhliso lweNdawo yaseHough ngeminyaka yoo-1960. Amatyala oNcedo lwezoMthetho aphumelele uphuculo kumaziko okuvalela abantwana kunye nabantu abadala, ukwandisa amathuba emfundo yezandla kumagqala eMfazwe yaseVietnam akhanyela izibonelelo ezithile ze-GI Bill kwaye afumana izibonelelo kumaxhoba ongcoliseko lomoya kwimizi-mveliso.
Ngoku, amagqwetha oNcedo lwezoMthetho asebenzela ukuzisa ubulungisa kubathengi abafumana imivuzo ephantsi, ukhuseleko kwiindlela zokubolekisa ngemali, kunye noncedo kumaxhoba ezikolo ezinobuqhophololo. Funda ngakumbi ngokuphonononga amagqabantshintshi kuNcedo lwezoMthetho lwangoku ISicwangciso soCwangciso.